COMPUTER-ASSISTED CAREER GUIDANCE:
ETHICAL ISSUES BIBLIOGRAPHY

by

James P. Sampson, Jr.

February 16, 2000

Copyright 2000 by Florida State University

Permission is granted to copy, disseminate, or otherwise
reproduce this document provided appropriate credit is given.

The Center for the Study of Technology in Counseling and Career Development

University Center, Suite A4100

The Florida State University

Tallahassee, FL 32306-2490

(850) 644-6431 (voice) (850) 644-3273 (FAX)

http://www.career.fsu.edu/techcenter/

This bibliography, along with other bibliographies developed by the Center for the Study of Technology in Counseling and Career Development, is intended to assist practitioners, researchers, policy makers, and system developers in identifying and locating sources of information on the design and use of computer-assisted career guidance (CACG) systems. The ultimate aim of this effort is to improve the availability and quality of career and educational services to children, adolescents, and adults. Bibliographies are available on General CACG Issues, CACG Ethical Issues, CACG Multicultural Issues, CACG Disability Issues, and CACG Research and Evaluation. Bibliographies are also available on specific collections of CACG systems, such as Career & College Quest, the Career Information System, CareerView, Career Visions, Choices, C-LECT, COIN, DISCOVER, FOCUS II, the Guidance Information System, and SIGI PLUS.

The Ethical Issues Bibliography contains citations that address a variety of topics including confidentiality, counselor intervention, assessment, quality of computer-based information, use of computer-assisted instruction, equality of access to computer applications, and counselor training. The bibliography begins with citations of Ethical Standards that specifically deal with computer technology and concludes with citations that deal with one or more Ethical Issues related to using computer applications in counseling, testing, and guidance. General information on computer-based career information delivery systems may be obtained from the Association of Computer-Based Systems for Career Information, 6613 Benson Drive, Alexandria, VA 22306, (703) 768-6853 (voice), (703) 768-7585 (FAX), http://www.acsci.org

Funding for computer-assisted career guidance bibliographies produced by the Center for the Study of Technology in Counseling and Career Development is currently provided by the National Occupational Information Coordinating Committee and the Florida State University Career Center. Previous funding for the development of bibliographies was provided by the W. K. Kellogg Foundation, the Florida Department of Education Bureau for Career Development, and the Florida State University College of Education and Division of Student Affairs.

Ethical Standards

American Association for Counseling and Development. (1988). Ethical Standards. Journal of Counseling and Development, 67, 4-8.

American Counseling Association. (1995). Code of ethics and standards of practice [On-line]. Alexandria, VA: Author. Available: http://www.counseling.org/resources/codeofethics.htm

American Counseling Association. (1999). Ethical standards for Internet on-line counseling [On-line]. Alexandria, Virginia: Author: Available: http://www.counseling.org/gc/cybertx.htm

American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, & National Council on Measurement in Education. (1999). Standards for educational and psychological testing. Washington, DC: American Educational Research Association.

American Psychological Association. (1986). Guidelines for computer-based tests and interpretations. Washington, DC: Author.

American Psychological Association Ethics Committee. (1997). Services by telephone, teleconferencing, and internet [On-line]. Washington, DC: Author. Available: http://www.apa.org/ethics/stmnt01.html

Association for Counselor Education and Supervision Technology Interest Network. (1999). Technical competencies for counselor education students: Recommended guidelines for program development [On-line]. Alexandria, VA: Author. Available at: http://www.chre.vt.edu/thohen/competencies.htm

Association of Computer-Based Systems for Career Information. (1999). Handbook of standards for the operation of computer-based career information systems. Alexandria, VA: Author, ACSCI Administrative Office. [On-line]. Available: http://www.acsci.org/standards2.htm

Caulum, D., & Lambert, R. (Eds.). (1985). Guidelines for the use of computer-based career information and guidance systems. Eugene, OR: Association of Computer-Based Systems for Career Information, ACSCI Clearinghouse, University of Oregon.

Colorado Psychological Association. (1982). Guidelines for the use of computerized testing services. Denver: Author.

Council for the Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs. (1994). Accreditation procedures manual. Alexandria, VA: Author.

Health on the Net Foundation. (1997). The code of conduct (HONcode) for medical and health Web sites [On-line]. Geneva, Switzerland: Author. Available: http://www.hon.ch/HONcode/

National Board for Certified Counselors. (1997). Code of ethics [One-line]. Alexandria, VA: Author. Available: http://www.nbcc.org/ethics/nbcc-code.htm

National Board for Certified Counselors and the Council for Credentialing and Education. (1997). Standards for the ethical practice of webcounseling [One-line]. Greensboro, NC: Author. Available: http://www.nbcc.org/ethics/wcstandards.htm

National Board for Certified Counselors. (1999). Core Standards for Internet Mental Health Practice [On-line]. Greensboro, NC: Author. Available: http://www.career.fsu.edu/techcenter/Corestandards.html

National Career Development Association. (1991). Career software review guidelines [One-line]. Alexandria, VA: Author. Available: http://www.ncda.org/about/polsrg.html

National Career Development Association. (1991). Ethical standards. In D. Engels (Ed.). The professional practice of career counseling and consultation: A resource document (2nd. Ed.) (pp. 26-33) [One-line]. Alexandria, VA: Author. Available: http://www.ncda.org/about/poles.html

National Career Development Association Professional Standards Committee. (1997). Career counseling competencies [One-line]. Columbus, OH: Author. Available: http://www.ncda.org/about/polccc.html

National Career Development Association. (1997). NCDA guidelines for the use of the Internet for provision of career information and planning services [On-line]. Alexandria, VA: Author. Available: http://www.ncda.org/about/polnet.html

Ohio Psychological Association. (1983). Principles for dealing with ethics cases involving computerized assessment. Columbus: Author.

Standing Committee on Test Standards. (1984). Note on the computerization of printed psychological tests and questionnaires. Bulletin of the British Psychological Society, 37, 416-417.

University of Oregon. (1982). Career Information System: Equity standards for CIS graphics. Unpublished manuscript, The University of Oregon, Eugene, OR.

Ethical Issues

Allen, V. B., Sampson, J. P., Jr., & Herlihy, B. (1988). Details of the new 1988 AACD Ethical Standards. Journal of Counseling and Development, 67, 157-158.

Bartram, D. (1997). Distance assessment: Psychological assessment through the Internet. Selection and Development Review, 13, 15-19.

Bloch, D. P., McKinlay, B., & Thomas, G. (1989, June). Standards of the Association of Computer-Based Systems for Career Information: Issues and applications. Paper presented at An International Teleconference on Technology and Career Development, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL.

Bloom, J. W. (1998). The ethical practice of WebCounseling. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 26, 53-59.

Burkhead, E. J., & Sampson, J. P., Jr. (1985). Computer-assisted assessment in support of the rehabilitation process. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 28, 262-274.

Butcher, J. N. (1987). The use of computers in psychological assessment: An overview of practices and issues. In J. N. Butcher (Ed.), Computerized psychological assessment: A practitioner's guide (pp. 3-14). New York: Basic Books.

Dinkmeyer, D., Jr., & Carlson, J. (1983). Counselor computer competencies. Elementary School Guidance and Counseling, 18, 5-12.

Denkowski, K. M., & Denkowski, G. C. (1982). Client-counselor confidentiality: An update of rationale, legal status, and implications. Personnel and Guidance Journal, 60, 371-375.

Drier, H. N. (1989). Ethical, legal, and professional issues and their implications for automated career guidance and information systems. Paper presented at An International Teleconference on Technology and Career Development, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL.

Eberly, C. G., & Cech, E. J. (1986). Integrating computer-assisted testing and assessment into the counseling process. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 19, 18-26.

Elwork, A., & Gutkin, T. B. (1985). The behavioral sciences in the computer age. Computers and Human Behavior, 1, 3-18.

Engels, D. W., Caulum, D., & Sampson, D. E. (1984). Computers in counselor education: An ethical perspective. Counselor Education and Supervision, 24, 193-203.

Erdman, H. P., & Foster, S. W. (1988). Ethical issues in the use of computer-based assessment. Computers in Human Services, 3, 71-87.

Ermann, M. D., Williams, M. B., & Gutierrez, C. (1990). Computers, ethics, and society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Eyde, L. D., & Kowal, D. M. (1987). Computerised test interpretation services: Ethical and professional concerns regarding U.S. producers and users. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 36, 401-417.

Farrell, A. D. (1984). When is a computerized assessment system ready for distribution? Some standards for evaluation. In M. D. Schwartz (Ed.), Using computers in clinical practice: Psychotherapy and mental health applications (pp. 185-189). New York: Haworth Press.

Fowler, R. D. (1987). Developing a computer-based test interpretation system. In J. N. Butcher (Ed.), Computerized psychological assessment: A practitioner's guide (pp. 50-63). New York: Basic Books.

French, C. F. (1986). Microcomputers and psychometric assessment. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 14, 33-45.

Godwin, W. F., & Bode, K. A. (1971). Privacy and the new technology. Personnel and Guidance Journal, 50, 298-304.

Goodyear, R. K., & Sinnett, E. R. (1984). Current and emerging ethical issues for counseling psychologists. The Counseling Psychologist, 12(3), 87-98.

Haring-Hidore, M. (1984). In pursuit of students who do not use computers for career guidance. Journal of Counseling and Development, 63, 139-140.

Harris-Bowlsbey, J. (1985, August). Risks and computer-based guidance systems. In L. W. Harmon, (chair), Ethics & using computerized tests: Interpretations & systems in counseling. Paper presented at a Symposium at the American Psychological Association Convention, Los Angeles, CA.

Herr, E. L. (1985). The role of professional organizations in effecting the use of technology in career development. Journal of Career Development, 12, 176-186.

Herr, E. L. (1997, January). Ethical issues in using computers to deliver career services: Counseling intervention, equality of access, and the Internet. In R. C. Reardon (chair), Ethical issues in using computers to deliver career services: Counseling intervention, equality of access, and the Internet. Paper presented at the National Career Development Association Conference, Daytona Beach, FL.

Herr, E. L., & Best, P. (1984). Computer technology and counseling: The role of the profession. Journal of Counseling and Development, 63, 192-195.

Hofer, P. J., & Green, B. F. (1985). The challenge of competence and creativity in computerized psychological testing. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 826-838.

Howland, P., & Palmer, R. (1991). Using computer-aided guidance systems: Balancing ethical and practical considerations. Unpublished manuscript, Quinnipac College, Counseling and Career Services, Hamden, CT.

Howland, P., & Palmer, R. (1992). Ethics and computer guidance: Uneasy partners? Journal of Career Planning and Employment, 52(4), 38-45.

Howland, P., & Palmer, R. (1995, June). DISCOVER, other CACGS, and ethics: What no one wants to hear. Paper presented at the National DISCOVER Conference, American College Testing Program, Vail, CO.

Ibrahim, F. A. (1985). Human rights and ethical issues in the use of advanced technology. Journal of Counseling and Development, 64, 134-135.

Jacob, S. (1985). Computer applications in school psychology: Proposed guidelines for good practice. Unpublished manuscript, Central Michigan University, Department of Psychology, Mt. Pleasant.

Johnson, C. S., & Sampson, J. P., Jr. (1985). Training counselors to use computers. Journal of Career Development, 12, 118-128.

Katz, M. R. (1984). Computer-assisted guidance: A walkthrough with running comments. Journal of Counseling and Development, 63, 153-157.

Lister, C. (1970). Privacy and large-scale personal data systems. Personnel and Guidance Journal, 49, 207-211.

Loesch, L. C. (1986). Computer-assisted assessment: A reaction to Meier and Geiger. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 19, 35-37.

Mackert, M. J., & McDaniels, R. (1998). Career centers of the future: Recognizing our potential through technology. Journal of Career Development, 25, 89-100.

McKinlay, B. (1984). Standards of quality in systems of career information. Journal of Counseling and Development, 63, 149-152.

Meier, S. T., & Geiger, S. M. (1986). Implications of computer-assisted testing and assessment for professional practice and training. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 19, 29-34.

Merrell, K. W. (1985). Computer use in psychometric assessment: Evaluating benefits and potential problems. Computers in Human Services, 1(3), 59-67.

Most, R. (1987). Levels of error in computerized psychological inventories. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 36(3/4), 375-383.

Noll, C. L., & Graves, P. R. (1996). The impact of technology on career center practices. Journal of Career Planning & Employment, LVI(3), 41-46.

Palmer, R., & Howland, P. (1997). Computer-assisted career guidance systems and the new world of work: Practical and ethical dilemmas. Career Planning and Adult Development Journal, 13, 9-17.

Patterson, M. B. (1985). Developing a code of ethics for computer users. Journal of College Student Personnel, 26, 255-256.

Robson, D., & Robson, M. (1998). Intimacy and computer communication. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 26, 33-41.

Sampson, J. P., Jr. (1983). Computer-assisted testing and assessment: Current status and implications for the future. Measurement and Evaluation in Guidance, 15, 293-299.

Sampson, J. P., Jr. (1986). Computer technology and counseling psychology: Regression toward the machine? The Counseling Psychologist, 14, 567-583.

Sampson, J. P., Jr. (1986). The use of computer-assisted instruction in support of psychotherapeutic processes. Computers in Human Behavior, 2, 1-19.

Sampson, J. P., Jr. (1990). Ethical use of computer applications in counseling: Past, present, and future perspectives. In L. Golden, & B. Herlihy (Eds). Ethical standards casebook (pp. 170-176). Alexandria, VA: American Association for Counseling and Development.

Sampson, J. P., Jr. (1990). A "mysterious" breach of confidentiality. In L. Golden, & B. Herlihy (Eds). Ethical standards casebook (pp. 83-85). Alexandria, VA: American Association for Counseling and Development.

Sampson, J. P., Jr. (1991). The place of the computer in counseling research. In C. E. Watkins, Jr. & L. Schneider (Eds.), Research in counseling (pp. 261-284). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Sampson, J. P., Jr. (1996). A computer-aided violation of confidentiality. In B. Herlihy & G. Corey (Eds). Ethical standards casebook (5th. Ed.) (pp. 213-215). Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.

Sampson, J. P., Jr. (1997, January). Ethical delivery of computer-assisted career guidance services: Supported vs. stand-alone system use. In R. C. Reardon (chair), Ethical issues in using computers to deliver career services: Counseling intervention, equality of access, and the Internet. Paper presented at the National Career Development Association Conference, Daytona Beach, FL.

Sampson, J. P., Jr. (1998, January). Using the Internet to enhance test interpretation. Plenary paper presented at the Assessment ‘98 Conference: Assessment for Change--Changes in Assessment, St. Petersburg, FL.

Sampson, J. P., Jr. (1998, March). Using the Internet to enhance test selection, orientation, administration, and scoring. Invited paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Assessment in Counseling, Indianapolis, IN.

Sampson, J. P., Jr. (1998). Potential problems and ethical concerns. In J. Harris-Bowlsbey, M. Riley-Dikel, & Sampson, J. P., Jr. (Eds.). The Internet: A tool for career planning (pp. 31-37). Columbus, OH: National Career Development Association.

Sampson, J. P., Jr. (2000). Computer applications. In C. E. Watkins, Jr. & V. L. Campbell (Eds.), Testing and assessment in counseling practice (2nd. Ed) (pp. 517-544). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Sampson, J. P., Jr. (in press). Using the Internet to enhance testing in counseling. Journal of Counseling and Development.

Sampson, J. P., Jr., Kolodinsky, R. W., & Greeno, B. P. (1997). Counseling on the information highway: Future possibilities and potential problems. Journal of Counseling and Development, 75, 203-212.

Sampson, J. P., Jr., & Loesch, L. C. (1985). Computer preparation standards for counselors and human development specialists. Journal of Counseling and Development, 64, 31-33.

Sampson, J. P., Jr., & Lumsden, J. A. (in press). Ethical issues in the design and use of Internet-based career assessment. Journal of Career Assessment.

Sampson, J. P., Jr., & Pyle, K. R. (1983). Ethical issues involved with the use of computer-assisted counseling, testing and guidance systems. Personnel and Guidance Journal, 61, 283-287.

Space, L. G. (1981). The computer as psychometrician. Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation, 13, 595-606.

Super, D. E. (1973). Computers in support of vocational development and counseling. In H. Borow (Ed.), Career guidance for a new age (pp. 285-315). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Talbutt, L. C. (1988). Ethics and computer usage: Hidden answers for school counselors. The School Counselor, 35, 199-203.

Turkington, C. (1984). The growing use, and abuse, of computer testing. APA Monitor, 15(1), 7,26.

Walz, G. W. (1984). Role of the counselor with computers. Journal of Counseling and Development, 63, 135-138.

Watts, A. G. (1997, January). Markets, the Internet, and access to career guidance. In R. C. Reardon (chair), Ethical issues in using computers to deliver career services: Counseling intervention, equality of access, and the Internet. Paper presented at the National Career Development Association Conference, Daytona Beach, FL.

Walker, N. W., & Myrick, C. C. (1985). Ethical considerations in the use of computers in psychological testing and assessment. Journal of School Psychology, 23, 51-57.

Wood, S. (1984). Computer use in testing and assessment. Journal of Counseling and Development, 63, 177-179.

Zachary, R. A., & Pope, K. S. (1984). Legal and ethical issues in the clinical use of computerized testing. In M. D. Schwartz (Ed.), Using computers in clinical practice: Psychotherapy and mental health applications (pp. 151-164). New York: Haworth Press.